#31-38 pg. 235, #1-10 pg. 258

31.  A) Propane, C3H8

B) Pentane, C5H12

32. The suffix -ane indicates that hexane is an alkane.

33. Yes, each of these molecules are isomers of each other. They all consist of 5 carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, but appear to be different because of the arrangement of atoms. These three molecules are structured isomers of one another, for they have identical molecular formulas but different arrangements of atoms.

34. 

35. Butane (C4H10) is the shortest-chain alkane that can demonstrate isomerism- alkanes with four or more carbon atoms can be demonstrated as straight-chain structures, branched-chain structures, and ring structures.

36. Both representations are correct because their different arrangements of atoms do not change the identical molecular formulas of the molecule; this would make the molecules structural isomers of each other.

37. A) 

B) The branched-chain molecule would have the lower boiling point. Since the straight-chain molecule has greater molecule-to-molecule contact, it has a stronger intermolecular force than the branched-chain molecule, resulting in a higher boiling point.

38. a. A short, straight chain would have a lower boiling point because of decreased molecule-to-molecule contact than the longer boiling point. The bonds of this chain would be easier to break than a longer straight chain.

b. A short, branched chain would have the lower boiling point. Although the bonds of a branched chain are easier to break than those of a straight chain, it would be more difficult to break more molecular bonds within the long chain, resulting in a higher boiling point.

c. A short, branched chain would have a lower boiling point. Straight chains have stronger intermolecular forces that hold together each molecule in contact; where as bonds between branched chains are more breakable due to the decreased intermolecular molecular forces between them.

Page 258 #1-10

1. Petroleum is sometimes considered "buried sunshine" because as a fossil fuel, it originates from biomolecules of prehistoric plants and animals. The energy released by burning petroleum represents energy originally captured from sunlight by these prehistoric green plants during photosynthesis; "buried sunshine".

2. a. Potential energy is energy of position, or stored energy ready to be released. An example of potential energy is the energy within an unreleased winded up spring toy.

b. Kinetic energy is energy related to motion. A car rolling down a hill is an example of kinetic energy.

3. Chemical energy, another form of potential energy, is stored within the bonds in chemical compounds. When an energy-releasing reaction takes place, the bonds break and reactant atoms reorganize to form new bonds and release energy. If more energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is exothermic, but if less energy is released than originally started with, the reaction is endothermic.

4. A molecule of butane has more potential energy; it has more carbons than methane and a higher boiling point than methane. The bonds of butane are harder to break than the bonds of methane, resulting its higher potential energy.

5. a. Potential energy

b. Potential energy

c. Kinetic energy

d. Potential energy

e. Kinetic energy

6. Energy is required to break chemical bonds because it is what causes the reactant bonds to break and reorganize to form new bonds and energy.

7. a. Exothermic energy is released than is required to begin the chemical reaction.

b. Endothermic energy is required to crack large hydrocarbon molecules than is released.

c. Endothermic takes more energy to digest a candy bar than the energy released after digestion.

8. The product of a burning candle yields more energy than the energy to begin the reaction with an unlit candle. Since more energy is let off than required to begin the reaction, burning a candle is an exothermic reaction.

9. 

10. The law of conservation of energy states that energy is neither created nor destroyed in any mechanical, physical, or chemical processes.

1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.

3. Since petroleum is not only a nonrenewable resource, but a very versatile material that is used both as fuel that can be converted to gasoline. Also it can be used to produce heat.

5. Oil is crude because it is pumped from underground and cannot be used in its natural state without some degree of refinement.

6. a. 0.11 x 20,000,000= 2,200,000 barrels b. 0.89 x 20,000,000= 17,800,000 barrels 

7. Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, petroleum jelly.

8 a. Water bottle, sports equipment, clothing, artificial limbs. 
b. A water bottle can be made out of aluminum, clothing can be made of cotton, and artificial limbs can be made of iron. 

10. a. The Middle East
b. Central Asia, Far East, and Australia.

11.a. North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe. b. The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America.

12.Density can be used to separate two different liquids.

13.Water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other because water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest.

14. 16. ? 

17. Light: Aviation gasoline and motor gasoline, kerosene, and refined oils. Intermediate: Gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil.
Heavy: Lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax.

18. The fraction with the highest boiling point range would be removed at the bottom. This is because they are thick  liquids that never vaporize, called bottoms. 

19. Distillation after a fractional distillation. 

20. Methane, pentane , hexane, octane.
The boiling points increase with greater amounts carbon atoms of hydrocarbons.

21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, allowing both atoms to fill their outer shells completely. 

22. Atoms with filled electrons are stable and tend to be chemically uncreative.

23. Similar to repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock connecting them. 

26. a. A structural formula shows the makeup of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is, where as a molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses. b. The structure of a formula shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula. 

28.?

29. a. C9H20b. C16H34c. C10H22d. C18H38

30. a. 128gb. 226gc. 142gd. 254g

#1-8 pg. 360

1. Electromagnetic radiation is a broad range of energetic emissions. 

2. Spectrum is a good description of the types of energy found in electromagnetic radiation because spectrum means any of variation of color or object.

3. Visible light is useful in plant photosynthesis, while other forms of electromagnetic radiation are not.

4. a. infrared, ultra-violet, visible
    b. infrared radiation: Causes certain bonded atoms to vibrate more energetically.
        ultraviolet radiation: Potentially can cause a sunburn, and witch ling-term exposure is linked to skin cancer.
        visible radiation: Energizes electrons in some chemical bonds.

5. Ultraviolet light is often used to sterilize chemistry laboratory goggles because it can kill bacteria and destroy viruses.

6. Infrared radiation is absorbed by CO2 H2O molecules in the atmosphere.Visible Radiation is scattered by water, air, and dust. Ultraviolet radiation is absorbed in the stratospheric ozone layer.

7. Solar radiation determines climates and weather, and also powers the hydrologic cycle.

8. Lake water reflects more solar radiation than asphalt because it is a lighter in the color spectrum. Asphalt barely reflects any light.

2SDS #7-13 pg.204

7. An alloy is a solid combination of atoms of two or more metals. 

8. I mainly use steel and gold, steel is used in most kitchenware and cars, and gold you can find in either jewelry like watches or rings.

9.Carbon

10. Fe3C which is steel, is used in most automobiles.

11. Elements that behave as semiconductors are located on the break between metals and nonmetals and metalloids. 

12. Phosphorus (P), arsenic (Ar), aluminum (Al).

13. The primary use of the products of semiconductor technology is the allowance for computers to process digital information. A few examples of that are also IPhones.

2SDS #1-6, p. 204

1. An allotrope is a different form of an element that has distinctly different physical or chemical properties. 

2. Phosphorus and Oxygen

3. a. A diamond is the hardest substance known to man and very hard to find which makes it so expensive. Coal is very weak and fragile and cheap,  Pencil lead is made of graphite and is very useful and every day life.
b. They are all allotropes of carbon.
c. The structure of the carbon atom is very unique and hard to find, which also relates to diamonds because they are very expensive and difficult to find.

4. Engineered materials are materials developed by scientists and engineers to enhance natural materials through manufacturing methods that carefully control the microstructure of the materials.

5. Ceramics are very durable and have very high melting points and are extremely strong at high temperatures. The only problem with ceramics is, if they are exposed to high tempuratures then suddenly to cold tempurature. With that, they are easily broken.


6. Plastics can be created to be either soft or hard.  Plastic can also be made into optical fibers, which replace copper wires.

2SCS #13-21 pg. 181

13. a. 6 moles

      b. 5 moles

      c. 5 moles

14. a. 17 moles

      b. 100%

      c. 50%

      d. 415 g

15. 16 x 2 = 32
      32/44 x 100 = 72%

16. a.87%

      b.53%

      c.58%

17. a. 68.3%

      b. 10%

      c. 25%

18. Recycling is when an object is taken and reshaped or used to create another object. Reusing is when one object is used multiple times.

19. a. water, plants, soil, air

      b. platinum, gold, silver, coal

20. a. reusing

      b. recycling

      c. reusing

21. ?

2SCS #1-12 pg. 180

1. The law of conservation of matter is that matter is neither created nor destroyed.

2. Scientific law summarizes what has been learned by careful observation of nature.

3. Expressions such as "using up" and "throwing away" are misleading because the law of conservation of matter, molecules can be converted and decomposed by chemical processes.

4.a. Not balanced.

Reactant side: Sn, 1, H, 1, F, 1
Product side: Sn, 1, H, 2, F; 2
b. Not balanced. 
Reactant side: Si, 1, O, 2, C, 1
Product side: Si, 1, O, 1, C, 2
c. Balanced. 
Reactant side: Al, 1, O, 3, H, 6, Cl, 3
Product side: Al, 1, O, 3, H, 6, Cl, 3

5.a. hydrogen gas is 3.
b.  NH3 gas is 3. 
c. nitrogen gas is 1. 

6.?

7. a. 1 Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 --> 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4

b. 2 C8H18 + 25 O2 --> 16 CO2 + 18 H2O

8. a. Yes. 
Reactant side: Na, 2, S, 1, O, 4, K, 2, Cl, 1
Product side: Na, 2, S, 1, O, 4, K, 2, Cl, 1
b. No 
c. 1 Na2SO4 + 2 KCl --> 2 NaCl + 1 K2SO4

9. it would take 400,000 seconds to spend one mole of dollars.

10.a. 32g
b. 48g
c. 100g
d. 58g
e. 180g

11. Although copper and sodium have different masses, volumes, and densities, the weight of each atom per mole remains the same. 

12.a. 1 atom.
b. 0.5 atoms. 
c. 0.1 atoms. 
d.  0.03 atoms.