Terms

Unit 1A Vocabulary List

Filtration: When solid particles are separated from a liquid by passing the mixture through a material that retains the solid particles and allows the liquid to pass through.

Filtrate: The liquid collected after it has been filtered.

Adsorbs: Attracts and holds on its surface.

Percent Recovery: The percent of original foul water recovered as purified water

Histogram: A graph compiling data from many groups

Range: The difference between the largest and smallest values in a set of data

Average: You get the average by adding the values together and dividing the sum by the total number of values

Mean: average

Median: The middle value

Electrical Conductivity: The presence of dissolved, electrically charged particles in water

Direct Water Use: Water use that can be directly measured

Indirect Water Use: secondary uses of water that are hidden and rarely noted

Aquifer: A water bearing layer of rock, sand, or gravel

Gaseous State: water vapor 

Liquid State: regular water (lakes, rivers, ocean, etc.)

Solid State: everything has a solid state (example- ice is water in solid form)

Matter: Something that occupies space and has a mass

Physical Properties: Properties that can be measured and observed without changing its chemical makeup

Density: The mass of material within a given volume

Freezing Point:  physical property & is at 0 Celsius

Aqueous Solution: Water solutions with liquids dissolved in them/ not fully pure water

Mixture: It is when 2 or more substances combine and retain their individual properties

Heterogeneous Mixture: A non universal mixture that isn't always the same

Suspension: A heterogeneous mixture with solid particles that are big enough to settle out or particles that can be separated by using filtration

Tyndall Effect: Where particles are too small to see, but large enough to reflect light coming from a beam to the left of the beakers

Colloid: A mixture with the Tyndall effect

Homogeneous Mixture: a universal mixture

Solutions: Homogeneous mixtures

Solute: A dissolved substance

Solvent: The dissolving agent

Unit 2 B.1 Vocabulary

Atmosphere: provides nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon

Hydrosphere: layer of water (oceans, clouds, ice caps, glaciers, lakes, rivers, underground water supplies) and some dissolved minerals

Lithosphere: solid part of Earth, provides the greatest variety of chemical resources like petroleum and metal-bearing ores

• Contains the crust (band of soil and rock that obtain the raw materials needed to build homes and more), mantle, and core

Ore: naturally occurring rock or mineral that can be mined and from which it is possible to extract metal or other minerals

Minerals: naturally occurring solid compounds containing the element or group of elements of interest

Unit 2 A.6-A.11 Vocabulary

Atomic number: the number of proton in an atom; distinguishes atoms of different elements

• 12 protons: magnesium
• 6 protons: carbon

Nucleus: positively charged central region of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

Mass number: the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleolus of an atom of a particular isotope

• protons + neutrons= mass number

Isotopes: atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Periods: horizontal row in the periodic table; elements are listed in order of increasing atomic numbers and grouped according to similar properties

Periodic relationship: regular patterns among chemical and physical properties of elements arrayed in the periodic table

Group/ Family: vertical row in the periodic table (column); contains elements with similar properties

Alkali metal family: first column on the left side; highly reactive metal that forms an ECl chloride and E2O oxide

• a group of elements consisting of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium

Noble gas family: right most group of the periodic table; consists of very unreactive (chemically inert) elements

Halogen family: form 1- ions; group containing fluorine, chlorine, and bromine in a column to the left of the noble gases

Unit 2 A.5 Vocabulary

Combustion: chemical reaction with oxygen gas that produces thermal energy and light; burning

Conductor: a material that allows electricity (thermal energy) to flow through it

o   Conducts electricity à light bulb is on

Nonconductor: a material that does not allow electrical current (or thermal energy) to flow through it

o   Doesn’t conduct electricityà light bulb off

Malleable: flattens without shattering when struck

Brittle: shatters into pieces

Unit 2 A.1-A.4 Vocabulary

Physical properties: a property that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the sample of matter

o   Color, density, odder

Physical change: a material stays the same, but its form appears to have changed

o   Melting, boiling, bending

Chemical properties: properties only observed or measured by changing the chemical identity of a sample of matter

Chemical change: when a substance changes to one or more new substances

o   Burning wood, formation of a gas/solid

Luster: shinny and reflect light

Ductile: can be drawn into wires

Metals: a material possessing such as luster, ductility, conductivity, and malleability

o   Iron (Fe), tin (Sn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn)

Nonmetals: a material possessing properties such as brightness, lack of luster, and nonconductivity; nonmetals are often insulators

o   Carbon (C) and oxygen (O)

Metalloids: a material with properties intermediate between those of metal and nonmetals

o   Silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge)