1. A hydrocarbon is a molecular compound that only contains atoms of hydrogen and carbon.

3. Since petroleum is not only a nonrenewable resource, but a very versatile material that is used both as fuel that can be converted to gasoline. Also it can be used to produce heat.

5. Oil is crude because it is pumped from underground and cannot be used in its natural state without some degree of refinement.

6. a. 0.11 x 20,000,000= 2,200,000 barrels b. 0.89 x 20,000,000= 17,800,000 barrels 

7. Heating and cooking fuel, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, diesel fuel oil, lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax, petroleum jelly.

8 a. Water bottle, sports equipment, clothing, artificial limbs. 
b. A water bottle can be made out of aluminum, clothing can be made of cotton, and artificial limbs can be made of iron. 

10. a. The Middle East
b. Central Asia, Far East, and Australia.

11.a. North America, Central Asia, Far East, and Oceania, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe. b. The Middle East, Africa, and Central and South America.

12.Density can be used to separate two different liquids.

13.Water and acetone would be the easiest to separate from each other because water has the highest boiling point and acetone has the lowest.

14. 16. ? 

17. Light: Aviation gasoline and motor gasoline, kerosene, and refined oils. Intermediate: Gas oil, petrochemicals, heavy furnace oil, and diesel fuel oil.
Heavy: Lubricating oil and grease, heavy oils and wax.

18. The fraction with the highest boiling point range would be removed at the bottom. This is because they are thick  liquids that never vaporize, called bottoms. 

19. Distillation after a fractional distillation. 

20. Methane, pentane , hexane, octane.
The boiling points increase with greater amounts carbon atoms of hydrocarbons.

21. A covalent bond is the sharing of two or more valence electrons between two atoms, allowing both atoms to fill their outer shells completely. 

22. Atoms with filled electrons are stable and tend to be chemically uncreative.

23. Similar to repelling electrons, the dogs pull away from each other, but are still connected by the bond they share with the sock connecting them. 

26. a. A structural formula shows the makeup of a molecule, as well as how high the boiling point is, where as a molecular formula just shows the amount of atoms each element in the formula possesses. b. The structure of a formula shows how strong molecular bonds within the formula is, as well as the boiling point of the formula. 

28.?

29. a. C9H20b. C16H34c. C10H22d. C18H38

30. a. 128gb. 226gc. 142gd. 254g